Abbreviations and acronyms
ACMSF – Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food
AIDS – acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
APC – antigen-presenting cells
ARHAI – Antimicrobial Resistance & Healthcare Associated Infection Scotland
AUD – Alcohol Use Disorder
B-cell - bursa-derived cells
CD (e.g. CD4, CD8) – cluster of differentiation
CDC – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CFSAN – Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
CI – confidence interval
CNS – central nervous system
CTLA-4 – Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4
DEFRA – Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
FAO – The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FDA – United States Food and Drug Administration
FSA – Food Standards Agency
FSAI – Food Safety Authority of Ireland
FSIS – Food Safety and Inspection Service
GI – gastrointestinal
H2 blocker – histamine type-2 receptor antagonists/blockers
HIV – human immunodeficiency viruses
IBD – inflammatory bowel disease
IBS – irritable bowel syndrome
IFN-γ – Interferon gamma
IL (e.g. IL-B1, IL-1) – interleukins
LPS – lipopolysaccharides
NHS – UK National Health Service
OR – odds ratio
PFSE – Partnership for Food Safety Education
PPAR-γ – Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
PPI – proton pump inhibitors
PRISMA – Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
PRISMA-ScR – PRISMA extension for scoping reviews
SEFARI – Scottish Environment, Food and Agriculture Research Institutions
STEC – Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli
TLR (e.g. TLR4-LPS) – toll-like receptors
TNF-α – tumour necrosis factor-alpha
UC – ulcerative colitis
UK – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
UKHSA – UK Health Security Agency
US – United States of America
USDA – United States Department of Agriculture
WHO – World Health Organization
YOPI – Young, Old, Pregnant, and Immunosuppressed