Information on previous outbreaks can be used to consider if the crop being assessed has a history of causing foodborne illness.
In the last few years there have been a number of large or high profile outbreaks associated with both domestically produced and imported fresh produce in the UK.
In 2022 there was an outbreak of 259 cases of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) O157 linked to lettuce of UK origin (1). In 2024 there was an outbreak of 288 cases of STEC O145 again linked to UK-grown lettuce (2). This incident led to a widescale recall of prepackaged sandwiches (2).
There have also been recent UK outbreaks associated with imported fresh produce including 36 cases of STEC O157 linked to cucumbers, 29 cases of hepatitis A linked to dates, and imported melons identified as the source of 113 cases of Salmonella Braenderup and 17 cases of STEC O157 (3-5).
The table below provides information on significant food safety outbreaks linked to fresh produce that have occurred globally between the 1990s and 2021. It is recommended that if a crop has an entry in the table below it should be considered as having a prior history of causing foodborne illness. The commodities highlighted in recent UK outbreaks are represented in the table with the exception of dates, demonstrating that crops not previously recognised as sources may still cause outbreaks.
Previous outbreaks involving fresh produce
| Product | Produce origin | Outbreak country | Organism (year) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Açaí juice | Brazil | Brazil | Trypanosoma cruzi (2004) | Pereira et al. 2009 |
| Açaí juice | Brazil | Brazil | Trypanosoma cruzi (2007) | Pereira et al. 2009 |
| Almond | United States | Canada, United States | Salmonella Enteritidis PT 30 (2000-01) | Isaacs et al. 2005 |
| Almond | United States | Canada, United States | Salmonella Enteritidis (2003)) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Almond | United States | Sweden | Salmonella Enteritidis NT3+ (2005-06) | Isaacs et al. 2005; Ledet et al. 2007 |
| Apple | United States | United States | Listeria monocytogenes (2014-15) | CDC 2015d |
| Apple juice | France | France | Salmonella Typhi | Paquet 1923 |
| Apple juice | Not reported | Canada | Escherichia. coli O157:H7 (1980) | Steel et al. 1982 |
| Apple juice | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1991) | Besser et al. 1993; FDA 2001 |
| Apple juice | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1996a) | Cody et al. 1999; CDC 1997 |
| Apple juice | United States | Canada, United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1996b) | FDA 2001 |
| Apple juice | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1996c) | FDA 2001 |
| Apple juice | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1996d) | FDA 2001 |
| Apple juice | Canada | Canada | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1998) | Tamblyn et al. 1999; FDA 2001 |
| Apple juice | United States | United States | Cryptosporidium spp. (1993) | Millard et al. 1994; FDA 2001 |
| Apple juice | United States | United States | Cryptosporidium parvum (1996) | CDC 1997; FDA 2001 |
| Apple juice | United States | United States | Cryptosporidium parvum (2003) | Cited by Vojdani et al. 2008 |
| Apple juice | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Cryptosporidium parvum (2004) | Cited by Vojdani et al. 2008 |
| Apple juice | United States | United States | Salmonella Typhimurium | CDC 1975 |
| Avocado | Unknown | United States | Norovirus | CDC 2000 |
| Avocado | Unknown | United States | Campylobacter jejuni | CDC 2002 |
| Avocado | Unknown | United States | Hepatitis A | CDC 2005 |
| Basil | United States | United States | Cyclospora cayatenansis (1997) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019; cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Basil | Mexico or United States | United States | Cyclospora (1999a, 1999b) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019; cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Basil, thai | Thailand | Canada | Cyclospora cayatenansis (2001a) | Hoang et al. 2005; cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Basil, thai | Vietnam | Canada | Cyclospora (2001b) | Hoang et al. 2005; cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Basil | Imported | Canada | Cyclospora cayatenansis (2003a) | Cited by Kozak et al. 2013 |
| Basil | United States | Canada | Cyclospora cayatenansis (2003b) | Cited by Kozak et al. 2013 |
| Basil | United States | United States | Cyclospora cayatenansis (2004) | CDC 2018a |
| Basil | Peru or Costa Rica | Canada, United States | Cyclospora cayatenansis (2005a) | CDC 2018a; cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Basil | Mexico | Canada, United States | Cyclospora cayatenansis (2005b) | Cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Basil | Mexico | Canada | Cyclospora cayatenansis (2007) | Cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Basil | Israel | Denmark | Salmonella Anatum and toxigenic Escherichia coli (2006) | Pakalniskiene et al 2009 |
| Basil | Israel | United Kingdom, Denmark, Netherlands, United States | Salmonella Senftenberg (2007) | Pezzoli et al. 2008, cited by Hanning et al. 2009 |
| Basil | Not reported | Canada | Cyclospora cayatenansis (2010-13) | Cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Basil | Not reported | United States | Cyclospora maintenances (2018) | Cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Basil | Mexico | United States | Cyclospora cayatenansis (2019) | Cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Basil, pesto | Not reported | Norway | Shigella sonnei | Guzman-Herrador et al 2013 |
| Bean, green or beet, green | Unknown | Italy | Escherichia coli O196 (2012) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Berries, blueberries | New Zealand | New Zealand | Hepatitis A (2002) | Calder et al. 2003; Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, blueberries | United States | United States | Salmonella Newport (2010) | Miller et al. 2013 |
| Berries, blackberries | Guatemala | Canada | Cyclospora (1999) | Cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Berries, blueberries, frozen | Not reported | Germany | Norovirus (2005) | Fell et al. 2007 |
| Berries, blackberries, fresh | United States | United States | Hepatitis A (2019) | FDA 2019c |
| Berries, blackberries, frozen | Poland | Germany | Norovirus (2005) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, cranberries | Not reported | USA | Norovirus (2014) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries | Guatemala | United States | Cyclospora (1995a, 1995b) | Herwaldt et al. 1997; Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Berries, raspberries | Unknown | United States | Cyclospora cayatenansis (1996) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Berries, raspberries | Guatemala | Canada, United States | Cyclospora cayetanensis (1997) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004; cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Berries, raspberries | Guatemala | Canada | Cyclospora cayetanensis (1998) | Cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Berries, raspberries | Bosnia | Canada | Norovirus (1997) | Gaulin et al. 1999 |
| Berries, raspberries | China | Sweden | Norovirus (2006) | Hjertqvist et al. 2006 |
| Berries, raspberries | Guatemala | United States | Cyclospora cayetanensis (2000a) | Ho et al. 2002 |
| Berries, raspberries | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | Hepatitis A | Ramsay and Upton 1989 |
| Berries, raspberries | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | Hepatitis A | Reid and Robinson 1987 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Scotland | Scotland | Hepatitis A (1983) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Scotland | Scotland | Hepatitis A (1988) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Bulgaria | Netherlands | Hepatitis A (2016) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Eastern Europe | Finland | Norovirus (1988) | Ponka et al. 1999; cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Serbia, Montenegro | Finland, Sweden | Norovirus (1998) | Tavoschi et al. 2015; cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Not reported | Sweden | Norovirus (2001) | Le Guyader et al. 2004; cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Serbia, Montenegro | Finland, Sweden | Norovirus (2003) | Tavoschi et al. 2015; cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Imported | France | Norovirus (2005) | Cotterelle et al. 2005; cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Poland | Denmark | Norovirus (2005a) | Falkenhorst et al. 2005; cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Poland | Denmark | Norovirus (2005b) | Korsager et al. 2005 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Not reported | France | Norovirus (2005) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | China | Sweden | Norovirus (2006) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Chile | Netherlands | Norovirus (2006) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Serbia, Montenegro | Denmark | Norovirus (2006) | Cited by Tavoschi et al. 2015 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Not reported | Netherlands | Norovirus (2006) | Cited by Tavoschi et al. 2015 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Not reported | Denmark | Norovirus (2007) | Cited by Tavoschi et al. 2015; cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Poland | Finland | Norovirus (2009) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Serbia, Bosnia, Herzegovina | Denmark, Sweden | Norovirus (2009-10) | Cited by Tavoschi et al. 2015 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Not reported | Denmark | Norovirus (2010) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Poland | Finland | Norovirus (2010) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Poland | Sweden | Norovirus (2010) | Cited by Tavoschi et al. 2015 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | China | Denmark | Norovirus (2011) | Cited by Tavoschi et al. 2015 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Serbia | Finland | Norovirus (2011) | Cited by Tavoschi et al. 2015 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Serbia | Denmark | Norovirus (2011) | Cited by Tavoschi et al. 2015 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Germany | Germany | Norovirus (2011) | Cited by Tavoschi et al. 2015 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Poland | Finland | Norovirus (2013) | Cited by Tavoschi et al. 2015; cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Poland, Serbia | Denmark | Norovirus (2013) | Cited by Tavoschi et al. 2015; cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | A country outside the EU | Norway | Norovirus (2013) | Einoder-Moreno et al. 2016 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Not reported | United States | Norovirus (2016) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | China | Canada | Norovirus (2017) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, frozen | Sweden | Serbia | Norovirus (2017) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, juice | Guatemala | Spain | Cyclospora cayatenansis (2003-04) | Cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Berries, blackberries or raspberries | Guatemala | United States | Cyclospora cayatenansis (2000) | Cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Berries, blackberries or raspberries | Not reported | United States | Cyclospora cayatenansis (2008) | Cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Berries, redcurrant | Poland | Italy | Hepatitis A | Terio et al 2015 |
| Berries, strawberries | Unknown | Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden | Hepatitis A (2012-13a) | Nordic outbreak investigation team, 2013 |
| Berries, strawberries, fresh | Not reported | United States | Hepatitis A (1998) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, strawberries, fresh | Not reported | United States | Hepatitis A (2000) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, strawberries, fresh | Not reported | United States | Hepatitis A (2007) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, strawberries, fresh | Not reported | United States | Hepatitis A (2013) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, strawberries, fresh | United States | United States | Staphylococcus aureus (1985) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Berries, strawberries, fresh | Not reported | United States | Norovirus (1998) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, strawberries, fresh | Not reported | United States | Norovirus (1999) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, strawberries, fresh | Not reported | United States | Norovirus (2000) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, strawberries, fresh | Not reported | United States | Norovirus (2002) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, strawberries, fresh | Not reported | United States | Norovirus (2004) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, strawberries, fresh | Not reported | United States | Norovirus (2005a, 2005b) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, strawberries, fresh | Not reported | United States | Norovirus (2007a, 2007b) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, strawberries, fresh | Not reported | United States | Norovirus (2012) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, strawberries, fresh and frozen | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2011) | Laidler et al. 2013 |
| Berries, strawberries, frozen | Mexico | United States | Hepatitis A (1990) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Berries, strawberries, frozen | United States | United States | Hepatitis A (1990) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, strawberries, frozen | Mexico | United States | Hepatitis A (1997) | Hutin et al. 1999 |
| Berries, strawberries, frozen | China | Belgium | Hepatitis A (2012) | Cited by Tavoschi et al. 2015; Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, strawberries, frozen | Egypt, Morocco | Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway | Hepatitis A (2012-13b) | Cited by Tavoschi et al. 2015; Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, strawberries, frozen | China | Australia, New Zealand | Hepatitis A (2015-17) | Anon, 2017 |
| Berries, strawberries, frozen | Not reported | United States | Hepatitis A (2016) | Cited by Murray et al. 2017 |
| Berries, strawberries, frozen | Egypt | United States | Hepatitis A (2016) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, strawberries, frozen | Poland | Sweden | Hepatitis A (2018) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, strawberries, frozen | China | Germany | Norovirus, (2012) | Bernard et al. 2014, Maede et al 2012 |
| Berries, blueberry and strawberry | Not reported | United States | Norovirus, (2014) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, raspberries, or blackberries | Not reported | United States | Cyclospora spp. (2000) | CDC 2018a |
| Berries, mixed, frozen | Egypt | Canada | Hepatitis A (2012) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, mixed, frozen | Poland, Bulgaria, Canada, Serbia | Italy | Hepatitis A (2013) | Scavia et al. 2017; Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, mixed, frozen | Chile, Argentina, Turkey | United States | Hepatitis A (2013) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, mixed, frozen | Poland, Bulgaria | Austria, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, United Kingdom | Hepatitis A (2013-14) | Severi et al 2015; Cited by Tavoschi et al. 2015 |
| Berries, mixed, frozen | Germany | Norway | Hepatitis A (2014) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, mixed, frozen | China | New Zealand | Hepatitis A (2015) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, mixed, frozen | China, Chile | Australia | Hepatitis A (2015) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, mixed, frozen | China | Australia | Hepatitis A (2017) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| Berries, mixed, frozen | China | Australia | Hepatitis A (2018) | Cited by Bozkurt et al. 2021 |
| bBroccoli | Unknown | Japan | Salmonella Enteritidis | Sato et al. 2012 |
| Broccoli, powdered, seasoning mix | United States | United States | Salmonella Wandsworth | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Broccoli, powdered, seasoning mix | United States | United States | Salmonella Typhimurium | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Cabbage, salad | United States | United States | Clostridium botulinum (1987) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Cabbage | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157 | Cited by Erickson 2010 |
| Cabbage | Peru | Peru | Vibrio cholera | Swerdlow et al. 1992 |
| Cabbage | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O111 | Cited by Carstens et al. 2019 |
| Cabbage, component of coleslaw | Canada | Canada | Listeria monocytogenes (1981d) | Schlech et al. 1983; cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Cabbage or radish | Unknown | Korea | Escherichia coli O169 (2012) | Cho et al 2014 |
| Carrot | United States | United States | Toxigenic Escherichia coli (1993) | Cited by Islam et al. 2005 |
| Carrot | Unknown | United States | Salmonella Braenderup (1990) | CDC 1990 |
| Carrot | Unknown | United Kingdom | Norovirus | Anon 2005 |
| Carrot | Not determined | Poland | Norovirus (2002) | Kamińska et al. 2014 |
| Carrot | Finland | Finland | Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (2003) | Jalava et al. 2006 |
| Carrot | United States | United States | Salmonella Typhimurium (2005) | CDC 2005 |
| Carrot | United States | United States | Cryptosporidium hominis (2005) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Carrot | Finland | Finland | Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (2006) | Rimhanen-Finne et al. 2009 |
| Carrot | United States | United States | Salmonella spp. | Cited by Erickson 2010 |
| Carrot | United States | Japan, Samoa United, States | Shigella sonnei (2004) | Gaynor et al. 2009 |
| Carrot | Not reported | Canada | Shigella sonnei (2007) | Kozak et al. 2013; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Carrot juice | United States | United States | Clostridium botulinum (1993) | Cited by Buzby and Crutchfield, 1999 |
| Celery | United States | United States | Norovirus (1991) | Warner et al. 1991; Cited by Erickson 2010; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Celery | Contamination source was United States processing plant | United States | Listeria monocytogenes serovar 1/2a (2010) | Gaul et al. 2013 |
| Coconut, frozen, vacuum packed, pre-cut | Indonesia | Canada, United States | Salmonella Chailey (2017) | Luna et al. 2018 |
| Coconut, frozen and shredded | Vietnam | United States | Salmonella Newport (2018) | CDC 2018b |
| Coconut milk | Thailand | United States | Vibrio cholerae (1991) | Taylor et al. 1993 |
| Coriander (Cilantro) | Unknown | United States | Salmonella Thompson (1999) | Cited by Hanning et al 2009 |
| Coriander (Cilantro) | Unknown | United States | Salmonella Thompson | Campbell et al. 2001 |
| Coriander (Cilantro) | Not reported | Canada | Cyclospora cayetanensis (2003) | Cited by Kozak et al. 2009; cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Coriander (Cilantro) | Not reported | Canada | Cyclospora cayetanensis (2004) | Cited by Kozak et al. 2009; cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Coriander (Cilantro) | Unknown | United Kingdom | Salmonella Typhimurium DT170 | Anon 2005 |
| Coriander (Cilantro) | Mexico | United States | Cyclospora cayetanensis (2013) | CDC 2018b; cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas, 2020 |
| Coriander (Cilantro) | Mexico | United States | Cyclospora cayetanensis (2014) | CDC 2018b; cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019; cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas, 2020 |
| Coriander (Cilantro) | Mexico | United States | Cyclospora cayetanensis (2015) | CDC 2018b; cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas, 2020 |
| Coriander (Cilantro) | Not reported | United States | Cyclospora cayetanensis (2018) | Cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas, 2020 |
| Cucumber | Belgium | France, United Kingdom | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2002) | Duffell et al. 2003 |
| Cucumber | United States and Mexico | United States | Salmonella Newport (2012, 2015) | CDC 2015c; Cited by Murray et al. 2017 |
| Cucumber | United States | United States | Salmonella spp. (2013a) | Wadamori et al. 2017; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Cucumber | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157 (2013) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Cucumber | United States | United States | Salmonella Newport (2014) | Angelo et al. 2015 |
| Cucumber | United States and Mexico | United States | Salmonella Poona (2015) | CDC 2015b; Cited by Murray et al. 2017 |
| Cucumber | Spain | Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ireland, United Kingdom | Salmonella Agona(2014-16) | EFSA 2018 |
| Cucumber, Persian | Canada or Mexico or the Dominican Republic | United States | Salmonella Oslo (2016) | Bottichio et al. 2016 |
| Cucumber, salad | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O159, Escherichia coli O6, Escherichia coli O27 | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Fruit, mixed, cut, salad | United States | United States | Giardia intestinalis (1986) | Porter et al. 1990 |
| Fruit, mixed, cut, salad | Not reported | United States | Cyclospora (1998) | Cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Fruit, mixed, cut, salad | Not reported | United States | Salmonella Javiana (2019-20) | CDC 2019c |
| Grape | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 | Cited by Carstens et al. 2019 |
| Guava juice | Venezuela | Venezuela | Trypanosoma cruzi (2007) | Alarcón de Noya et al. 2010 |
| Hazelnut | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2011) | CDC 2011 |
| Kratom | Not reported | United States | Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Javiana, Salmonella Okatie, Salmonella Weltevreden, Salmonella Thompson | CDC 2018e |
| Leek or potato | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | Escherichia coli O157 (2010-11) | Launders et al. 2016 |
| Lettuce | Unknown | United Kingdom | Campylobacter | Anon 2005 |
| Lettuce | United States | United States | Cyclospora cayatenansis (2013) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1995) | Ackers et al. 1998 |
| Lettuce | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1996) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Lettuce | Sweden | Sweden | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1997, 2005) | Cited by Kintz et al. 2009; Söderström et al. 2007 |
| Lettuce | Netherlands | Netherlands, Iceland | Escherichia coli O157 | Friesema et al. 2008 |
| Lettuce | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O145 (2010) | Taylor et al. 2013 |
| Lettuce | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2011) | Cited by Carstens et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O26 (2013) | Cited by Carstens et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | Escherichia coli O96:H19 (2014) | Newitt et al. 2016 |
| Lettuce | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2014) | Cited by Carstens et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce | United States | United States | Giardia (1981) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Lettuce | United States | United States | Hepatitis A (1986) | Cited by Harris et al. 2003; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce | United States | United States | Hepatitis A (1988) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Lettuce | United States | United States | Hepatitis A (1990) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Lettuce | United States | United States | Norovirus (1981) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce | United States | United States | Norovirus (1995) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Lettuce | France | Denmark | Norovirus (2010) | Ethelberg et al. 2010; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce | United States | United States | Salmonella Heidelberg (1993) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Lettuce | United States | United States | Salmonella Thompson (1994) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Lettuce | Not reported | Norway | Salmonella Typhimurium DT4 (1994) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce | United States | United States | Salmonella Braenderup (1994) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Lettuce | Australia | Australia | Salmonella Anatum (2016) | Victoria State Government 2016 |
| Lettuce | Unknown | United Kingdom | Salmonella Typhimurium | Horby et al. 2003 |
| Lettuce | Unknown | Australia | Salmonella Bovismorbificans | Stafford et al. 2002 |
| Lettuce | Imported | Iceland | Salmonella Typhimurium | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce | Imported | United Kingdom | Salmonella Newport | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Lettuce | Unknown | United Kingdom | Salmonella Typhimurium | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce | Unknown | United Kingdom | Salmonella Braenderup | Anon 2005 |
| Lettuce | Spain | Finland | Salmonella Typhimurium | Gillespie 2004; Takkinen et al. 2005 |
| Lettuce | Not reported | Spain | Salmonella Newport (2005) | Mercanoglu Taban et al. 2011; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce, iceberg | Not reported | Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom | Shigella sonnei (1994) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce, iceberg | Imported | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1995a, 1995b) | Cited by Harris et al. 2003; Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Lettuce, iceberg | Not known | Canada | Escherichia coli O157 (1995) | Preston et al. 1997; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce, iceberg | Canada | Canada | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1996) | Cited by Kintz et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce, iceberg | Finland | Finland | Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:3 (1998) | Nuorti et al. 2004 |
| Lettuce, iceberg, shredded | European country | Finland | Salmonella Newport, Salmonella Reading (2008) | Lienemann et al 2011; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce, mesclun | United States | United States | Cyclospora (1997a, 1997b) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Lettuce, mesclun | United States | Canada, United States | Listeria monocytogenes (2011) | Cited by Zhu et al. 2017 |
| Lettuce, mesclun | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1996) | Hilborn et al. 1999 |
| Lettuce, romaine | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1995) | Cited by Harris et al. 2003 |
| Lettuce, romaine | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O145 (2010) | CDC 2010a |
| Lettuce, romaine | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2011) | Cited by Carstens et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce, romaine | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2012) | CDC 2012a; Cited by Murray et al. 2017; Cited by Carstens et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce, romaine | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2013) | Cited by Carstens et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce, romaine | Mexico | United States | Cyclospora cayatenansis (2013-14) | Buss et al. 2016; Cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas, 2020 |
| Lettuce, romaine | Mexico | United States | Salmonella Enteritidis | Clark 2017 |
| Lettuce, romaine | United States | United States and Canada | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2018-19) | FDA 2019b; cited by Kintz et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce, rucola | Italy | Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom | Salmonella Thompson (2005-06) | Nygård et al. 2008 |
| Lettuce, shredded | United States | United States | Shigella sonnei (1986) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Lettuce, shredded | Not reported | Netherlands, Iceland | Escherichia coli O157 (2007) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Lettuce, shredded | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2013) | Cited by Murray et al. 2017 |
| Lettuce or onions | United States | United States | Giardia intestinalis (1989) | Cited by Harris et al. 2003 |
| Lettuce or mixed salad | Unknown | United Kingdom | Salmonella Enteritidis PT8 (2009) | Severi et al. 2012 |
| Lettuce, coriander, mint, green onion mix | China | China | Salmonella Paratyphi | Yan et al. 2015; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Maize (sweetcorn) | Not reported | Italy | Listeria monocytogenes (1997) | Aureli et al 2000 |
| Maize, baby sweetcorn | Thailand | Australia, Denmark | Shigella sonnei (2007) | Lewis et al. 2009 |
| Mango | Brazil | United States | Salmonella Newport (1999) | Sivapalasingam et al. 2003 |
| Mango | United States | United States | Salmonella Saintpaul (2001) | Cited by Hanning et al. 2009 |
| Mango | United States | United States | Salmonella Saintpaul (2003) | Cited by Hanning et al. 2009 |
| Mango | United States | United States | Salmonella Braenderup (2012) | Cited by Murray et al. 2017 |
| Mamey, frozen, puree | Guatemala | United States | Salmonella Typhi (1998-99) | Katz et al. 2002; FDA 2010 |
| Mamey, frozen, pulp | Not reported | United States | Salmonella Typhi (2010) | CDC 2010b |
| Melon | United States | United States | Norovirus (1987a, 1987b) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Melon | Unknown | United Kingdom | Norovirus (1987) | Cited by Harris et al. 2003; Cited by Walsh et al 2014 |
| Melon | Australia | Australia | Salmonella | Cited by Walsh et al 2014 |
| Melon | Australia | Australia | Salmonella Hvittingfoss | Wadamori et al. 2017 |
| Melon | Morocco | Sweden | Shigella sonnei | Cited by Walsh et al 2014 |
| Melon | Mexico, Central America | United States | Salmonella Chester | Cited by Walsh et al 2014 |
| Melon | United States | United States | Salmonella Oranienburg | Cited by Walsh et al 2014 |
| Melon | United States | United States | Salmonella Miami | Cited by Walsh et al 2014 |
| Melon | Unknown | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 | Cited by Walsh et al 2014 |
| Melon | Mexico | United States | Salmonella Saphra | Mohle-Boetani et al. 1999 |
| Melon | Unknown | Australia | Salmonella Saintpaul | Munnoch et al. 2009 |
| Melon | Unknown | United Kingdom | Salmonella Newport (2006) | Cited by Hanning et al. 2009 |
| Melon | United States | United States | Listeria monocytogenes (2011) | McCollum et al. 2013 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | Not reported | United States | Campylobacter jejuni (1985) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | Not reported | United States | Campylobacter jejuni (1995) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | Not reported | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1993) | Cited by Harris et al. 2003 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | United States | United States | Listeria monocytogenes (2011) | McCollum et al. 2013; Cited by Walsh et al. 2014; cited by Murray et al. 2017 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | Not reported | United States | Norovirus (1999) | Bowen et al. 2006 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | Not reported | United States | Norovirus (2000) | Bowen et al. 2006 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | Not reported | United States | Norovirus (2003) | Bowen et al. 2006 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | Not reported | United States | Salmonella Saphra (1997) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | Guatemala, Mexico | United States | Salmonella Chester (1989) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004; cited by Walsh et al. 2014 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | Mexico | United States | Salmonella Poona (2000) | Cited by Hanning et al 2009; cited by Walsh et al. 2014 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | Mexico | United States | Salmonella Poona (2001) | CDC 2002; Cited by Hanning et al 2009; cited by Walsh et al. 2014 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | Mexico | United States | Salmonella Anatum (2001) | Cited by Walsh et al. 2014 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | Mexico | United States | Salmonella Poona (2002) | Cited by Walsh et al. 2014 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | Not reported | United States | Salmonella Muenchen (2003) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | Honduras | United States | Salmonella Litchfield (2007) | Cited by Walsh et al. 2014 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | Not reported | United States | Salmonella Javiana (2008) | Cited by Walsh et al. 2014 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | Guatemala | United States | Salmonella Panama (2011) | Cited by Walsh et al. 2014; cited by Murray et al. 2017 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | United States | United States | Salmonella Uganda (2011) | Cited by Walsh et al. 2014 |
| Melon, cantaloupe | Not reported | United States | Salmonella Typhimurium, Newport (2012) | Cited by Murray et al. 2017 |
| Melon, honeydew | Central America | United States | Salmonella Newport (2003) | Cited by Hanning et al. 2009; cited by Walsh et al. 2014 |
| Melon, honeydew | Not reported | United States | Salmonella Litchfield (2007) | Cited by Hanning et al. 2009 |
| Melon, pre-cut | United States | United States | Salmonella Adelaide (2018) | CDC 2018c |
| Melon, pre-cut | United States | United States | Salmonella Carrau (2019) | CDC 2019a |
| Melon, rock | Not reported | Australia | Salmonella Hvittingfoss | Wadamori et al. 2017; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Melon, water | Unknown | Sweden | Shigella sonnei (1987) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Melon, water | Unknown | United States | Salmonella Javiana (1991, 1993) | Cited by Walsh et al 2014 |
| Melon, water | Unknown | United States | Salmonella Oranienburg (1979) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Melon, water | Brazil | United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany | Salmonella Newport (2011-12) | Byrne et al. 2014 |
| Mushroom | Unknown | United States | Salmonella Typhimurium var Copenhagen (2002) | Cited by Hanning et al. 2009 |
| Mushroom | United States | United States | Salmonella Heidelberg (2003) | Cited by Hanning et al. 2009 |
| Mushroom, enoki | Korea | United States | L. monocytogenes (2020) | CDC 2020a |
| Mushroom, dried | Unknown | United Kingdom | Bacillus cereus | Anon 2005 |
| Mushroom, kikurage | China | United States | Salmonella Stanley | CDC 2020f |
| Onion, green | Mexico, United States | United States | Hepatitis A (1998) | Dentinger et al. 2001 |
| Onion, green | Mexico | United States | Hepatitis A (2003) | Wheeler et al. 2005 |
| Onion, green | Unknown | United States | Cryptosporidium parvum (1997) | Quinn et al. 1998; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Onion, green | Mexico | United States | Shigella flexneri (1994) | Anon 2001; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Onion, green | Not reported | United States | Bacillus cereus | Cited by Erickson 2010 |
| Onion, green | Not reported | United States | Campylobacter jejuni | Cited by Erickson 2010 |
| Onion, green | Unknown | United States | Cyclospora cayetanensis (2017) | CDC 2018a; cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Onion, red, white, yellow, and sweet yellow | United States | United States | Salmonella Newport (2020) | FDA 2020a; CDC 2020c |
| Onion, Spanish | Not reported | Canada | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2009) | Cited by Kozak et al. 2013 |
| Orange juice | United States | United States | Salmonella Gaminera and Hartford (1995) | Cook et al. 1998 |
| Orange juice | South Africa | South Africa, United Kingdom | Shigella flexneri (1995) | Thurston et al. 1998 |
| Orange juice | United States | Canada, United States | Salmonella Muenchen (1999) | Anon 1999a |
| Orange juice | Australia | Australia | Salmonella Typhimurium (1999) | Anon 1999b |
| Orange juice | United States | United States | Salmonella Anatum (1999) | Krause et al. 2001 |
| Orange juice | United States | United States | Salmonella Typhimurium and Saintpaul (2005) | Jain et al. 2009 |
| Papaya | Australia | Australia | Salmonella Litchfield (2006-07) | Gibbs et al. 2009 |
| Papaya | Mexico | United States | Salmonella Agona (2011) | Cited by Murray et al. 2017; Mba-Jonas et al. 2018 |
| Papaya, maradol | Mexico | United States | Salmonella Kiambu, Thompson, Agona, Gaminara (2017a, 2017b, 2017c, 2017d) | CDC 2017, Cited by Murray et al. 2017 |
| Papaya, maradol | Mexico | United States | Salmonella Urbanda (2019) | FDA 2019a; Hassan et al. 2019 |
| Parsley | Mexico/California, United States | United States, Canada | Shigella sonnei (1998) | Crowe et al. 1999 |
| Peach, bagged | United States | United States | Salmonella Enteriditis (2020) | FDA 2020b; CDC 2020b |
| Pea | United States | United States | Campylobacter jejuni | Gardener et al. 2011 |
| Pea, snow | Guatemala | United States | Cyclospora (2004) | CDC 2018a; cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Pea, sugar snap | Guatemala | United States | Cyclospora (2008) | Cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Pea, sugar snap | Guatemala | Sweden | Cyclospora (2009) | Cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Pea, sugar snap | Kenya | Norway, Denmark | Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei (2009) | Muller et al. 2009 |
| Pepper, black | India | Canada | Salmonella Weltevreden (1973-74) | Cited by Van Doren et al. 2013 |
| Pepper, black | Brazil | Norway | Salmonella Senftenberg, Salmonella Lexington, Salmonella Abaetetuba (1982) | Cited by Van Doren et al. 2013 |
| Pepper, black | Unknown | United Kingdom | Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 (1996) | Cited by Van Doren et al. 2013 |
| Pepper, black, red | Vietnam, India, China | United States | Salmonella Montevideo (2009-10) | CDC, 2010, Gieraltowski et al 2013; Cited by Van Doren et al. 2013 |
| Pepper, hot | Mexico, United States | United States | Salmonella Anatum (2016) | Hassan et al. 2017 |
| Pepper, white | Vietnam | United States | Salmonella Rissen (2008-09) | Kennelly, 2010; Cited by Van Doren et al. 2013 |
| Pepper, white | Unknown | Denmark | Bacillus cereus | Cited by Van Doren et al. 2013 |
| Pepper, jalapeño | Mexico | United States | Salmonella Saintpaul (2008) | Mody et al. 2011 |
| Pepper, chilli | United States | United States | Salmonella Montevideo (2000) | Cited by Hanning et al. 2009 |
| Pepper, paprika | South America | Germany | Various Salmonella serovars (1993) | Lehmacher et al. 1995; cited by Van Doren et al. 2013 |
| Pepper, serrano | United States | United States | Salmonella Saintpaul (2008) | Cited by Hanning et al. 2009 |
| Pinenut | Not reported | United States | Salmonella Enteritidis (2011)) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Pomegranate seed | Turkey | United States | Hepatitis A (2013) | CDC 2013a |
| Potato | United States | United States | Salmonella Enteritidis (1991, 1998, 2004) | Cited by Hanning et al. 2009 |
| Potato (or leek) | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | Escherichia coli O157 (2010-11) | Launders et al. 2016 |
| Radicchio rosso leaf (chicory) | Unnamed European country | Norway | Yersinia enterocolitica (2011) | MacDonald et al 2012 |
| Radish | Japan | Japan | Escherichia coli O157 (1996) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Radish or cabbage | Unknown | Korea | Escherichia coli O169 (2012) | Cho et al 2014 |
| Rocket rucola, arugula | Unknown | United Kingdom | Bacillus thuringiensis | Anon 2005 |
| Rocket rucola, arugula | Unknown | Sweden | Hepatitis A (2001) | Nygard et al. 2001 |
| Rocket rucola, arugula | Italy | Norway | Shigella flexneri | Nygard et al. 2004 |
| Rocket rucola, arugula | Italy | Norway/Sweden | Salmonella Thompson | Nygard et al. 2004 |
| Rocket rucola, arugula | Denmark | Finland | Escherichia coli ONT:H11 and O111:H8 | Kinnula et al. 2018 |
| Salad, ready to eat | Not reported | Canada | Campylobacter jejuni (1984) | Cited by Harris et al. 2003; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Salad, ready to eat | Not reported | United States | Hepatitis (1986) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Salad, ready to eat | Not reported | Canada | Calicivirus (1992) | Cited by Harris et al. 2003 |
| Salad, ready to eat | Not reported | United Kingdom | Salmonella Newport (2001) | Fisher and O’Brien 2001 |
| Salad, ready to eat | Not reported | Germany | Cyclospora (2000) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Salad, ready to eat | Not reported | Canada | Cyclospora cayatenansis (2001) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Salad, ready to eat | Not reported | United Kingdom | Norovirus (2007) | Showell et al. 2007 |
| Salad, ready to eat | Not reported | United States | Cyclospora (2004) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Salad, ready to eat | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2003) | Cited by Kintz et al. 2019 |
| Salad, ready to eat | Not reported | Norway | Yersinia enterocolitica (2011) | McDonald et al. 2011; McDonald et al. 2012 |
| Salad, ready to eat | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2013) | CDC 2013b |
| Salad, ready to eat | Switzerland | Switzerland | Listeria monocytogenes (2013-14) | Stephan et al. 2015 |
| Salad, ready to eat | Not reported | United Kingdom | Cryptosporidium parvum (2012) | McKerr et al. 2015 |
| Salad, ready to eat | Not reported | Finland | Cryptosporidium parvum (2012) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Salad, ready to eat | Mexico | United States | Cyclospora (2013) | CDC 2018a |
| Salad, ready to eat | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | Salmonella Singapore (2014) | Wadamori et al. 2017; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Salad, ready to eat | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O145 (2015) | Cited by Carstens et al. 2019 |
| Salad, ready to eat | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2015) | Mikhail et al. 2018 |
| Salad, ready to eat | United States | United States | Listeria monocytogenes (2016) | CDC 2016a; Cited by Murray et al. 2017; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Salad, ready to eat | Imported | United Kingdom | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2016) | Gobin et al. 2018 |
| Salad, lettuce, onion | United States | United States | Giardia (1989) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Salad, mixed | Italy, France, or Germany | Germany | Cyclospora cayetanensis (2000) | Döller et al. 2002; cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Salad, mixed | Not reported | Norway | Yersinia enterocolitica (2011) | MacDonald et al 2012; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Salad, mixed | Not reported | Norway | Yersinia enterocolitica (2014) | MacDonald et al 2012; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Salad, mixed | Not reported | Norway | Salmonella Coeln (2013) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Salad, mixed | United States | United States | Cyclospora (2018) | Cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas, 2020 |
| Salad, mixed | United States | United States | Cyclospora cayetanensis (2020) | FDA 2020c; cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Salad, mixed, chopped | United States | United States, Canada | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2019) | CDC 2019b |
| Salad, mixed, leafy greens | Not reported | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2020) | CDC 2020e |
| Seaweed, green | South Korea | South Korea | Norovirus (2012) | Park et al. 2015 |
| Seed, mixed; anise, fennel, caraway | Turkey | Germany | Salmonella Agona (2002-03) | Koch et al. 2005; cited by Van Doren et al. 2013 |
| Seed, fennel | Not reported | Serbia | Salmonella Senftenberg (2007-08) | Cited by Van Doren et al. 2013 |
| Spinach | Canada | Canada | Shigella sonnei (2001) | Cited by Kozak et al. 2013 |
| Spinach | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2006) | CDC 2006 |
| Spinach | United States | Canada | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2006) | Cited by Kozak et al. 2013 |
| Spinach | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157 (2006) | Grant et al. 2008 |
| Spinach | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 | Wendel et al. 2009 |
| Spinach | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:NM H- (2012) | Cited by Carstens et al. 2019 |
| Spinach | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2014) | Cited by Carstens et al. 2019 |
| Spinach | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O26 (2017) | Cited by Carstens et al. 2019 |
| Spinach | Not reported | Denmark, Sweden | Yersinia enterocoliticaI O3 (2019) | Espenhain et al. 2019 |
| Spinach, baby | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | Salmonella Java | Cited by Iwu and Okoh 2019 |
| Spinach, bagged | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157 (2006)) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Spinach and Spring mix | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2012) | CDC 2012b; Cited by Murray et al. 2017 |
| Sprouted seeds, unspecified | United States | United States | Listeria monocytogenes serovar 1/2a (2008) | Garner and Kathariou, 2016 |
| Sprouted seeds, unspecified | Netherlands | Germany | Salmonella Newport (2011) | Bayer et al. 2014 |
| Sprouted seeds, unspecified | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:NM H- (2016) | Cited by Carstens et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | Canada | Canada | Listeria monocytogenes (1989) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | United States | United States | Salmonella Anatum (1990) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | Australia | Finland, Sweden | Salmonella Bovismorbificans (1995) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | Netherlands | United States, Canada, Finland | Salmonella Stanley (1995) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | Not reported | United States, Canada, Denmark | Salmonella Newport (1995a, 1995b) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1997) | Breuer et al. 2001 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | Not reported | United States | Salmonella Stanley (1996) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | Not reported | Canada | Salmonella Melefridis (1996) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | United States | United States | Salmonella Montevideo, Salmonella Melefridis (1996) | Taormina et al. 1999; Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | United States | United States | Salmonella Anatum, Salmonella Infantis (1997) | Taormina et al. 1999; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | Not reported | Canada | Salmonella Melefridis (1997) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | United States | United States | Salmonella Seftenberg (1997-98) | Taormina et al. 1999 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | Australia | United States | Salmonella Kottbus (2001) | Winthrop et al. 2003; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | Not reported | United States | Salmonella Saintpaul (2003) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | Not reported | United States | Salmonella Chester (2003) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157 (2003) | Ferguson et al. 2005 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | Australia | Australia | Salmonella Oranienburg (2005)) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | Italy | Norway, Finland, Denmark | Salmonella Weltevreden (2007) | Emberland et al. 2007 |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O157 (2016) | CDC 2016b |
| Sprouted seeds, alfalfa | Australia | Australia | Salmonella Havana (2018) | Harfield et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, bean | United States | United States | Yersinia enterocolitica (1982) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, bean | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | Salmonella Bareilly (2010) | Cleary et al. 2010 |
| Sprouted seeds, bean | United States | United States | Listeria monocytogenes serovar 4b (2014) | Garner and Kathariou 2016 |
| Sprouted seeds, bean | United States | United States | Salmonella Enteriditis (2013) | Wadamori et al. 2017; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, bean | United States | United States | Salmonella Enteriditis (2015) | CDC 2015a |
| Sprouted seeds, clover | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O26 (2012) | Cited by Luna-Guevara et al. 2019; Cited by Carstens et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, clover | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O121 (2013-14) | CDC 2014; Cited by Carstens et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, clover, red | United States | United States | Escherichia coli O103 (2020) | CDC 2020d |
| Sprouted seeds, cress | Not reported | United Kingdom | Salmonella Goldcoast (1989) | Taormina et al. 1999; Cited by Harris et al. 2003 |
| Sprouted seeds, fenugreek | Egypt | France, Germany | Escherichia coli O104:H4 (2011) | King et al. 2012 |
| Sprouted seeds, mixed; soy, cress, mustard | United States | United States | Bacillus cereus (1973) | Cited by Sivapalasingam et al. 2004 |
| Sprouted seeds, mung bean | Not reported | Sweden | Salmonella Saintpaul, Salmonella Havana, Salmonella Muenchen (1988) | Cited by Harris et al. 2003 |
| Sprouted seeds, mung bean | Australia | United Kingdom | Salmonella Saintpaul (1988) | O’Mahony et al. 1990 |
| Sprouted seeds, mung bean | Australia | United Kingdom | Salmonella Virchow (1988) | O’Mahony et al. 1990 |
| Sprouted seeds, mung bean | Netherlands | Netherlands | Salmonella Enteriditis (2000) | Van Duynhoven et al. 2002; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, mung bean | United States | United States | Salmonella Enteriditis (2000) | Mohle-Boetani et al. 2009 |
| Sprouted seeds, mung bean | Not reported | Canada | Salmonella Enteriditis PT913 (2001) | Honish et al. 2001; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, mung bean | United States | United States | Salmonella Enteriditis (2001a, 2001b) | Mohle-Boetani et al. 2009 |
| Sprouted seeds, mung bean | Not reported | Finland | Salmonella Abony (2002) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, mung bean | Not reported | Canada | Salmonella Enteriditis PT33 (2005) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, mung bean | United States | United States | Salmonella Braenderup (2006) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, mung bean | China, Myanmar | United Kingdom | Salmonella Bareilly (2010) | Cleary et al. 2010; Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Sprouted seeds, mung bean | United States | United States | L. monocytogenes (2014) | Garner and Kathariou 2016 |
| Sprouted seeds, onion | Canada | Canada | Salmonella Cubana (2009) | Cited by Kozak et al. 2013 |
| Sprouted seeds, white radish | Japan | Japan | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1996) | Michino et al. 1999 |
| Stone fruit, mixed, (peach, nectarine) | Not reported | United States | Listeria monocytogenes (2014-16) | Chen et al. 2016 |
| Sweetcorn | Italy | Italy | Listeria monocytogenes | Twisselmann, 2000 |
| Sweetcorn, baby | Thailand | Denmark, Australia | Shigella sonnei | Lewis et al. 2009 |
| Sweetcorn | Hungary | Austria, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, United Kingdom | Listeria monocytogenes (2015-18) | McLaughlin et al., 2021 |
| Tomato | United States | United States | Salmonella Montevideo (1993) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Tomato | United States | United States | Salmonella Javiana | Anon 2001 |
| Tomato | United States | United States | Salmonella Baildon (1998-99) | Anon 2001, Cited by Hanning et al. 2009 |
| Tomato | Unknown | United States | Hepatitis A | Anon 2001 |
| Tomato | Unknown | United States | Salmonella Thompson (2000) | Cited by Hanning et al 2009 |
| Tomato | United States | United States | Shigella flexneri (2001) | Reller et al. 2006 |
| Tomato | Unknown | Canada, United States | Salmonella Braenderup (2004) | CDC 2005a, cited by Hanning et al. 2009 |
| Tomato | Unknown | Canada, United States | Salmonella Braenderup (2005) | CDC 2007a, cited by Hanning et al. 2009 |
| Tomato | United States | United States | Salmonella Newport (2005) | Greene et al. 2008 |
| Tomato | Unknown | United States | Salmonella Javiana (2005) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Tomato | Unknown | United States | Salmonella Montevideo (2005) | Cited by Machado-Moreira et al. 2019 |
| Tomato | Unknown | United States | Salmonella Braenderup (2004) | Gupta et al. 2007 |
| Tomato | Not determined | Australia | Hepatitis A (2009) | Donnan et al. 2012 |
| Tomato | United States | United States | Salmonella Newport (2015) | Cited by Murray et al. 2017 |
| Tomato, datterino | Italy | Denmark, Germany, Italy, Austria, Belgium | Salmonella Strathcona (2011) | Müller et al. 2016 |
| Tomato, diced | Unknown | United States | Hepatitis A (1994) | Cited by Harris et al. 2003 |
| Tomato, semi-dried | France | France | Hepatitis A (2010) | Gallot et al. 2011 |
| Turmeric | Not reported | United Kingdom | Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus (1995) | Cited by Van Doren et al. 2013 |
| Vegetables, raw, mixed | Not reported | United States | Listeria monocytogenes (1979c) | Ho et al. 1986 |
| Vegetables, mixed (broccoli, cauliflower, celery sticks, carrots) | Not reported | United States | Cyclospora (2018) | CDC 2018d |
| Watercress | United States | United States | Hepatitis A (2001) | Anon 2001 |
| Watercress | Not reported | Mexico | Cyclospora (2001) | Cited by Hadjilouka and Tsaltas 2020 |
| Watercress | France | France | Fasciola hepatica (2002) | Mailles et al. 2006 |
| Watercress | Unknown | United Kingdom | Norovirus (2000) | Anon 2005; Little and Gillespie 2008 |
| Watercress | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | Escherichia coli O157 (2013a, 2013b) | Launders et al. 2013; Jenkins et al. 2015 |
When foodborne illness outbreaks are investigated it is common for no contaminated food to be unequivocally identified with positive food samples, instead an association is made with a particular food vehicle. A recent publication highlighted reasons for difficulties in isolating the causative organism from samples taken during outbreak investigations, and emphasised particular difficulties related to fresh produce due to short shelf-life and recall of garnishes in food histories (6).